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The work "Bình Ngô Đại Cáo"

In the patriotic literature flow of the nation, there are admirable and pride-worthy literary masterpieces. We feel additional pride in the patriotic tradition and the spirit of unity through the glorious history pages that speak of the heroic struggle of the nation. These include "Nam Quốc sơn hà" by Ly Thuong Kiet, "Tụng giá hoàn kinh sư" by Tran Quang Khai, the "Tuyên ngôn độc lập" by Ho Chi Minh,... Especially, among these, must be mentioned is "Bình Ngô Đại Cáo" by Nguyen Trai, an immortal work regarded as the nation's second declaration of independence.

In 1427, the Ming army led by Moc Thanh and Lieu Thang was defeated and subdued by the Lam Son insurgents. In December 1427, Vuong Thong led the army back following the Nhi Ha River under a peace agreement, provided with food and supplies by the Lam Son insurgents for their return. By 1428, the enemy had been cleared, and the land was free of Ming troops, Le Loi entrusted Nguyen Trai to compose a proclamation to summarize the struggle and declare the victory against the Ming army.

The work was written by Nguyen Trai in the proclamation style. Differing from other genres, the proclamation style is often used for major events to inform the nation and people of important contents. It is a type of eloquent, political text, so the language is often profound, with sharp reasoning and logical, solid arguments. The work was written in Han script with the title "Bình Ngô Đại Cáo" signifying a declaration to the entire population that the Ngo enemy had been quelled, also expressing contempt for the crimes of the invaders, the unjust who eventually were defeated.

"Bình Ngô Đại Cáo" is divided into 4 parts with major contents. The first part from the beginning to "Chung co con ghi" outlines the author's righteous proposition, the core of the struggle for the people, the people's ideology being "humanitarian deeds" when entering the war. This is a fitting proposition to begin the work, since a war arising from the people's interests, for the people and nation, is always a righteous war, where "eliminating violence", defeating the enemy was the foremost priority at the time. Furthermore, in this section, Nguyen Trai placed our country on par with the Northern dynasties to affirm the independence and equality of Dai Viet with the Northern dynasties. Vigorous proof and affirmation of Dai Viet tied to an enduring civilization, with its own territory, customs, a glorious history, and great talents and heroes. These factors made Dai Viet splendid, independent, and proud before the world and Northern dynasties.

The second section from "Vua roi" to "Ai bao than dan chiu duoc" after stating the righteous proposition, Nguyen Trai cleverly exposed the "unjust" actions of the Ming invaders. With a harsh tone and resolute language, the Ming's atrocities are revealed like a charge sheet of their cruelty:

"The frantic Ming army took advantage of causing disaster

Traitors still sold the country for glory

Barbecue the common people on cruel flames

Bury the innocent in pits of calamity

Deceiving heaven and the people with countless schemes

Fostering hatred, forming enmity for decades

Undermining humanity, wrecking land and sky."

Their cruelty reached its peak with deceitful plots, inhuman, immoral acts. They killed ruthlessly, showed no mercy to the poor and needy, implemented cruel, brutal policies, causing the people to suffer both mentally and physically:

"Barbecue the common people on cruel flames

Bury the innocent in pits of calamity"

The more the enemy's brutality is exposed, the more the author expresses profound sorrow and agony before the immense suffering endured by the people. The poem's tone is both indignant and sorrowful.

The third section, the longest segment from "Ta đây núi Lam Sơn dấy nghĩa" to "Cũng chưa thấy xưa nay" Nguyen Trai used this extensive space to summarize the glorious struggle of the Lam Son insurgents. Once again, this affirmed the national strength, the firm fighting spirit of the nation, and the inevitable outcome that Dai Viet deserved. Every struggle starts with difficulties, and the Lam Son insurgents were no exception. Initially, our army faced food shortages, inadequate weapons, small numbers, sparse ranks, and talented, exceptional individuals were rare. But "in difficulty lies wisdom", these hardships didn't weaken the insurgents' will; instead, they used intellect to devise effective strategies in battle.

"To win with weakness against strength

To defeat many with few"

With wise, farsighted leadership, the insurgents grew stronger, their fighting spirit fervent. Victory followed victory, with numerous remarkable achievements. The Ming army failed miserably, as the unjust cannot escape the word "defeat".

The final segment of the proclamation, Nguyen Trai, on behalf of Le Loi, boldly declares the end of war and affirms the nation’s lasting independence and peace.

"Bình Ngô Đại Cáo" captures the hearts of the people and readers through generations not only for its profound content but also for Nguyen Trai's artistic talent. The proclamation is compelling with sharp language, precise reasoning, and proper argumentation. The imagery and artistic figures are evocative, and the writing is emotionally rich. The techniques of enumeration, comparison, and contrast... are flexibly and appropriately employed. The poem's tone shifts flexibly, indignant at the savagery of the enemy, empathetic with the people's suffering, fervently intense when recounting the struggle, and bold, solemn to declare peace and the end of the enemy's shadow.

The work "Đại cáo bình Ngô" is a profound literary piece, filled with patriotism from the Vietnamese literary tradition. Reading the proclamation, I gain deeper understanding of the people's agony, the nation’s glorious history, and become more aware of my responsibilities today, to love my homeland, and to live wholeheartedly to build and develop the nation, deserving of the sacrifices made by our predecessors.

The work "Chí Phèo"

Author Nam Cao, real name Tran Huu Tri, was born in 1915 and died in 1951. He is one of the prominent writers of the second generation in Vietnamese literature. The work "Chí Phèo" was written in 1940-1941 and was first published in 1942.

"Chí Phèo" is in the short story genre, comprising 12 stories revolving around the life of the main character Chi Pheo—a simple man with a tragic fate. The structure of the work is built in a narrative style, with each story interlinked through the main character.

The work "Chí Phèo" brings special ideological and artistic value. The author profoundly expresses humanity, portraying the character of Chi Pheo in a realistic and profound way. From there, the work analyzes the psychological depth and tragedy of the character, evoking reflections on life and humanity.

Additionally, "Chí Phèo" successfully creates iconic characters, symbolic of society. The flexible narrative style in expressing the story, natural yet consistent and coherent, is a successful aspect of the work. The unique literary language and engaging storytelling make "Chí Phèo" captivating.

In summary, the work "Chí Phèo" by Nam Cao made significant contributions to Vietnamese literature. Through Chi Pheo's story, we understand more about the painful, tragic aspects of life. The work enriched the cultural life of the country and created a valuable literary heritage for author Nam Cao.

The work "Đồng chí"

Soldiers during the resistance against America are a familiar subject in revolutionary poetry. Chinh Huu contributed to this treasure with a notable work, the poem "Đồng chí".

Chinh Huu (born 1926 - died 2007), real name Tran Dinh Dac, from Cam Loc District, Ha Tinh Province. He was both a poet and a soldier, directly participating in combat during the resistance against France and America. Chinh Huu primarily wrote about soldiers and war. His poetry is simple, realistic, and emotionally powerful, with selective and evocative imagery and language. In 2000, he was awarded the Ho Chi Minh Prize for Literature and Art for works like "Dau Sung Trang Treo" and "Ngon Den Dung Gac".

The poem "Đồng chí" was composed in early 1948 when the author joined his comrades in the Viet Bac Autumn-Winter Campaign, defeating a large-scale French offensive in Viet Bac base. The poem was included in the poetry collection "Dau Sung Trang Treo" (1966).

The structure of the poem can be divided into 2 parts. The first part consists of the first 7 lines depicting the basis for forming camaraderie, and the second part consists of the remaining 13 lines expressing the manifestation and strength of camaraderie. The verses reflect the poem's content truthfully and profoundly.

The poem reflects the camaraderie and brotherhood forged in the resistance against France. They were peasant soldiers from poor rural areas united in common duty, purpose, and ideals to fight, share hardships, and overcome difficulties together. Above these hardships was the camaraderie that prevailed to achieve victory over the enemy.

Furthermore, the poem's success lies in its unique poetic techniques. It employs free verse, realistic and simple imagery, emotionally rich language, and uses idiomatic expressions, parallel and symmetrical lines, and various enumerative and metaphorical devices.

It can be said that "Đồng chí" is an early success in revolutionary and resistance poetry. It paved the way for exploring the tangible and beautiful aspects of soldier’s lives in simple, truthful circumstances.

Attached to the name of poet Chinh Huu is the poem "Đồng chí". Though the resistance has long passed, some soldiers rest in foreign lands, while others return. But regardless, these soldiers always look towards each other, towards the noble brotherhood of those years. Hence, no matter how quickly time flies, "Đồng chí" leaves an indelible impression on readers.