What are regulations on diagnosis and testing avian Influenza in Vietnam? What are regulations on foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Vietnam?

What are regulations on diagnosis and testing avian Influenza in Vietnam?

Pursuant to Section 6, Appendix 9 issued together with Circular 07/2016/TT-BNNPTNT stipulating as follows:

6. Diagnosis and testing of diseases

6.1. Specimens used to detect Avian Influenza pathogens are oropharyngeal swabs, slime swabs, fresh fecal samples, tissue samples of infected poultry or whole infected birds.

6.2. Specimens must be taken, packaged and preserved according to Vietnam Standards QCVN 01 - 83: 2011/BNNPTNT issued under Circular No. 71/2011/TT-BNNPTNT dated October 25, 2011 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development; For samples of oropharyngeal swabs, slime swabs must be stored in a preservative solution, stored in cold conditions of about 2°C to 8°C and immediately transferred to an agricultural laboratory approved by the competent authority.

6.3. Testing methods: Follow the diagnostic procedure for Avian Influenza as specified in Vietnam Standards TCVN 8400-26:2014.

What are regulations on foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Vietnam?

Pursuant to Section 1, Appendix 10 issued together with Circular 07/2016/TT-BNNPTNT stipulating as follows:

1. Introduction to Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)

1.1. Disease concept

a) Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of even-toed ungulates, caused by a virus of the family Picornaviridae, genus Aphthovirus. The virus has 7 subtypes: A, O, C, Asia 1, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3 with more than 60 subtypes. In Southeast Asia, three types are commonly found: O, A and Asia 1. In Vietnam, type O, A and Asia 1 have been detected.

b) Virus resistance: FMD virus is easily destroyed by sunlight, high temperature (such as boiling 100°C); virus survives for months in frozen meat, 5-15 minutes at 60°C, rapid death at 100°C, 425 days at 0-4°C; the virus is easily destroyed by highly acidic substances (pH ≤ 3) and strong alkaline substances such as caustic soda (pH ≥ 9); The virus lives for about 07 days in organic wastes from the barn and in mildly alkaline substances (pH 7.2-7.8).

1.2. Disease source and transmission route

a) Species infected: Animals infected with FMD are even-toed ungulates such as buffaloes, cows, pigs, goats, sheep, deer, etc;

b) The source of the disease: The virus is present in saliva, vesicle fluid, milk, semen, secretions and excretions of infected animals. According to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), secretions in the upper respiratory tract of humans can store the virus for 24 to 48 hours. An important feature is that FMD virus is often excreted before the animal shows clinical symptoms of the disease. Pirbright International FMD Reference Laboratory (UK) has demonstrated that with type O, pigs shed the virus 10 days before the first clinical signs, cows and sheep are 05 days, an average of 2, 5 days. Some documents suggest that infected pigs can excrete 400 million units of FMD virus infection in a day, while ruminants excrete about 120,000 infectious units.

c) Transmission route

- Direct transmission: Due to contact between susceptible animals and infected animals when kept together or grazing in the grassland.

- Indirect transmission: Through food, drinking water, feeding troughs, drinking troughs, barn floors, livestock equipment, hands and feet, clothes of livestock farmers infected with the virus. The disease is spread from one area to another, from one country to another across borders by means of transport of animals and animal products in the form of live animals that carry the disease (including frozen meat, skin, bones, horns, hoofs, milk).

1.3. Clinical symptoms

The incubation period is usually 2 to 5 days, with a maximum of 21 days. Infected animals have symptoms of high fever over 40°C, poor appetite or anorexia, profuse salivation, painful feet, blisters appear on gums, tongue, rim of nose, rim of nails, between nails and nipples. When vesicles burst, it causes mouth sores and easy nail polish, especially in pigs.

After 10-15 days of illness, the animal may recover from clinical symptoms, but the pathogen still exists in the animal (03-04 weeks for pigs, 02-03 years for cattle, 09 months for sheep, 04 months for goats) and are discharged into the environment to cause disease outbreaks and spread.

Best regards!