Vietnam: What are the details of Industry standard 10TCN 84:1987 on technical process for coffee growing? What are the ecological requirements for growing coffee?
What are the ecological requirements for growing coffee in Vietnam under Industry Standard 10TCN 84:1987?
Pursuant to Section 2 of Industry Standard 10TCN 84:1987, ecological requirements for growing coffee in Vietnam are defined as follows:
Ecological requirements
2.1. Tea coffee (Coffea arabica) prefers a tropical highland climate with an average annual temperature of 20-25oC, absolute low maximum temperature not less than 0oC, rainfall of the whole year from 1000-1500 mm, relatively evenly distributed between months of the year, average annual air humidity from 80-85% prefers light light, silent environment.
2.2. Coffea Canephora prefers a pure tropical climate, abundant light, hot, and humid all year round, the average suitable temperature of the year is 24-26oC, the absolute low dark temperature is not less than 7oC, the rainfall of the whole year is from 1500-2000 mm, relatively evenly distributed throughout the year, weak Coffea Canephora is drought resistant, Wind-resistant, more cold-resistant than other coffee varieties.
2.3. Coffea excelea prefers a hot climate all year round, the average temperature is from 23-25oC, the absolute minimum temperature is not less than 2oC, the rainfall for the whole year is from 1500-2000mm.
2.4. All three coffee varieties need a short dry period and low temperatures at harvest, to help plants form and develop favorable flower sprouts.
2.5. Coffee soil with a slope of 0-15o, preferably less than 8o, with good plasty structure, high looseness, fast drainage, soil layer over 70 cm thick, groundwater level less than 1 meter. The humus content of topsoil (0-20 cm) is over 3%, the total NPK content is above 0.15-0.20-0.25%, acidity pH (KCl) from 4.5-6. Weathered soils from Badan, Poocphia, limestone, and shale mother rocks, if there are the conditions mentioned above, can grow coffee, but Badan soil is most suitable for coffee trees.
While using soil to grow coffee, priority should be given to good soil for tea coffee, then Coffea Canephora, and finally Coffea excelea.
Thus, when growing coffee, it is necessary to keep in mind the above-mentioned ecological requirements.
What are the regulations on soil preparation and garden design when growing coffee in Vietnam?
Pursuant to Section 7 of Industry Standard 10TCN 84:1987, soil preparation and garden design when growing coffee in Vietnam are carried out as follows:
(1) The land shall be reclaimed and the roots and stems of branches shall be transferred outside the plot to be used as wood firewood.
Small branches that are not fully utilized must be collected in bands 100-200 m apart according to the reclamation design location.
Where the soil is rough, large termite mounds must be bulldozed locally, with topsoil return.
Reclaimed bulldozer should not lose topsoil.
Deep plowing turns over the soil with a 1-blade plow, 40-50cm deep, heavy harrowing disc several times makes the soil loose (soil grain diameter less than 20 mm).
(2) Newly reclaimed land means primitive forest land, or regenerated forest with a high percentage of humus, free of thatched grass. Plowing must be completed by May 3 to design the planting plot.
The soil has a lot of thatched grass, has a mink tail... It is necessary to plow harrowing, thoroughly collect underground stems, and then sow 1-2 crops of legumes before planting coffee.
The land grows crops and food for many years, having to plow and sow green manure crops, they bean for 1-2 years before planting coffee.
(3) The coffee garden must be completely designed from the beginning to meet the following requirements:
- Intensive farming increases long-term productivity.
- Protect the soil against erosion.
- Protect crops, against unfavorable weather factors (frost, wind, storm in the North, dry wind in the Central Highlands).
- Ensure mechanization in care and transportation.
- Land saving (land for forest belts and roads... less than 15%).
(4) Depending on the flat or steep terrain, the garden shall be designed in rectangular pieces, each from 16-20 hectares, the length of the moment parallel to the main contour line. Each plot is divided into plots of 1 ha (50 x 200 m) for easy management. The length of the coffee row in the lot is 50m, the length of the coffee row in 1 moment is from 400-500m.
Around each block, there are forest belts and main transport roads and a camera rotation line, perpendicular to the coffee row, 7-7.5 meters wide (from the base of the coffee to the foot of the forest belt), the non-locomotive side, the coffee row is 3 meters from the foot of the forest belt.
If the width of the interval is 400m, then there is 1 middle trunk line parallel to the coffee row 6 meters wide.
The side lines between the lots are 5 meters wide (from the base of the coffee plot to the root of the coffee plot).
If the terrain has a slope above 8o Attention must be paid to the design to ensure favorable for mechanized care and transportation, ensuring erosion prevention measures such as designing tree rows in the shape of a cone, leaving forests and hills to plant erosion-resistant tree bands, planting coffee according to crocodile fangs...
Distance (m) | Density (pits/ha) | Number of trees/holes | |
Anemone 2 (Catuara) | 2.5 x (1.0 - 1.5) | 2.600-4.000 | 1 |
Other types of tea coffee | 2.5 x 2 | 2.000 | 1 |
Coffea Canephora on medium and steep soils | 3 x 2.5 | 1.330 | 1 - 2 |
Coffea Canephora on good and flat soil | 3 x 3 | 1.118 | 1 - 2 |
Coffea excelea | 4 x 3 | 830 | 1 |
(5) Coffee is planted in rows according to the principle that the trees are thick and sparse, the rows of coffee in 1 moment must be aligned in succession so that the machine operates from one lot to another. The coffee row should not be parallel to the main wind direction, preferably at right angles to the main wind direction.
What is the structure of coffee varieties in Vietnam?
Pursuant to Section 3 of Industry Standard 10TCN 84:1987, the structure of coffee varieties in Vietnam is as follows:
(1) On the basis of natural conditions in terms of climate, soil of each region, in terms of conditioning and labor in the immediate year planted 80-90% of Coffea Canephora, 5-20% of tea coffee and 0-5% of Coffea excelea see additional table. The distribution is as follows:
Tea coffee | Coffea Canephora | Coffea excelea | |
Nghe Tinh (PQ) | 30% | 65% | 5% |
Binh Tri Thien | 25 | 70 | 5% |
Gialai Kontum | 15 | 80 | 5% |
Dak Lak | 95 | 5% | |
Lam Dong | 25 | 75 | |
Phu Khanh | 95 | 5% | |
Southeastern Vietnam and Mekong Delta | 100 |
(2) In the context of intensive farming is not high and there are no thorough rust prevention measures for tea coffee, it is necessary to focus on growing Coffea Canephora first.
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