What is enumeration according to the Literature curriculum in Vietnam? What are types of enumeration and examples?
What is enumeration according to the Literature curriculum in Vietnam? What are types of enumeration and examples?
The rhetorical device of enumeration is one of the commonly used artistic techniques in literature. It creates a sequence of words, phrases, or sentences in succession to emphasize and clarify a particular idea or image.
Effects of the Enumerative Rhetorical Device:
- Enhance visual and emotional evocativeness: Enumeration helps readers to visualize more vividly the described objects or phenomena.
- Emphasize the idea: Enumerated points often build on each other, contrast, or are synonymous, helping readers focus on the main idea.
- Create rhythm and resonance: The sequence of enumerated words or phrases creates a regular rhythm, captivating the reader.
- Increase persuasiveness: Enumerating multiple evidence and arguments makes the thesis more solid.
Common Types of Enumeration:
- Synonymous Enumeration: Enumerate words or phrases with similar meanings.
Example: "Anh ấy rất thông minh, tài năng, sáng tạo."
- Antonymous Enumeration: Enumerate words or phrases with opposite meanings.
Example: Ngày nắng chang chang, đêm trăng thanh thanh."
- Gradational Enumeration: Enumerate words or phrases in ascending or descending order of degree.
Example: "Anh ấy không chỉ thông minh mà còn rất chăm chỉ, kiên trì."
- Repetitive Enumeration: Enumerate the same word or phrase multiple times for emphasis.
Example: "Làng tôi, làng tôi đẹp biết bao!"
- Categorical Enumeration: Enumerate according to specific types or groups.
Example: "Trên bàn ăn có đủ các loại hoa quả: táo, cam, lê, chuối..."
Other Illustrative Examples:
In poetry:
"Những ngôi sao sáng ngoài kia Chẳng bằng mẹ đẹp vì con." (Mẹ - Trần Quốc Minh)
In prose:
"Mùa xuân đến, muôn hoa đua nở: hoa đào, hoa mai, hoa ly, hoa hồng..."
Practice Exercises on the Enumerative Rhetorical Device:
Exercise 1: Description
Describe a spring morning:
Example: Ánh nắng vàng tươi chiếu rọi khắp nơi, những bông hoa đua nhau khoe sắc: hoa mai vàng rực rỡ, hoa đào hồng thắm, hoa ly trắng tinh khôi... Tiếng chim hót líu lo, tiếng lá cây xào xạc...
Describe a rural market:
Example: Khu chợ quê thật nhộn nhịp với đủ loại hàng hóa: trái cây tươi ngon, rau xanh mơn mởn, các loại bánh kẹo thơm lừng... Tiếng người rao hàng, tiếng cười nói rôm rả...
Exercise 2: Scenery Description
Describe the sea in the twilight:
Example: Bầu trời nhuộm màu vàng cam, những đám mây hồng tím trải dài trên biển. Tiếng sóng biển vỗ rì rào, những con thuyền nhấp nhô trên mặt nước...
Describe the forest at dawn:
Example: Ánh nắng ban mai chiếu qua những tán lá cây, tạo nên những tia sáng lung linh. Tiếng chim hót vang rộn rã, không khí trong lành mát mẻ...
Exercise 3: Storytelling
Recall a memorable experience:
Example: Hôm đó, em cùng các bạn đến công viên. Ở đó, chúng em đã chơi rất nhiều trò chơi thú vị như: đu quay, cầu trượt, vòng xoay...
Describe a field trip:
Example: Chúng em đã đi đến rất nhiều nơi: thăm bảo tàng, tham quan vườn thú, đi biển...
Exercise 4: Expressing Emotions
Express feelings about friendship:
Example: Bạn bè là món quà quý giá nhất mà cuộc sống ban tặng cho ta. Bạn bè là người luôn ở bên ta, chia sẻ những niềm vui, nỗi buồn, động viên ta lúc khó khăn...
Express feelings about one's hometown:
Example: Quê hương em đẹp biết bao! Những cánh đồng lúa chín vàng, những con sông hiền hòa, những ngôi nhà mái ngói đỏ...
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What is enumeration according to the Literature curriculum in Vietnam? What are types of enumeration and examples? (Image from the Internet)
What rhetorical devices do primary school students in Vietnam learn?
Based on Clause 2 Section 4 of the General Education Curriculum for Literature issued together with Circular 32/2018/TT-BGDDT:
2. Requirements for Specific Competencies
2.1. Requirements for elementary students
a) Language competency
...
b) Literary competency
...
For students in grades 3, 4, and 5: They should know how to read expressively literary texts; retell and summarize the main content of stories and poems; comment on characters, events, and the attitudes and emotions of the writer in the text; recognize timing and location, some types of poetic rhymes, rhythm, beautiful and unique words and images, and the effects of personification and comparison rhetorical devices. Understand the meaning or lesson drawn from the text. Write paragraphs and essays that narrate and describe, expressing emotions and imaginative thinking.
...
Primary school students in grades 3, 4, and 5 will learn and recognize the effects of personification and comparison rhetorical devices.
What rhetorical devices do lower secondary school students in Vietnam learn?
Based on Clause 2 Section 4 of the General Education Curriculum for Literature issued together with Circular 32/2018/TT-BGDĐT, lower secondary school students will recognize and analyze rhetorical devices as follows:
In grade 6 and grade 7, they will identify and analyze the effects of some formal factors and artistic techniques associated with the characteristics of each literary genre, including rhetorical devices such as metaphor, metonymy, hyperbole, and euphemism;
In grades 8 and 9, they will identify and analyze the effects of some formal factors and artistic techniques in each literary genre, including rhetorical devices such as repetition, pun, irony, and paradox.
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