What are the particles that constitute the atomic shell? What is the structure of an atom?

What are the particles that constitute the atomic shell? What is the structure of an atom?

To understand what particles make up the electron shell of the atom, we first need to understand the concept of an atom and the components that form the atom:

Concept of an atom

An atom is an extremely small electrically neutral particle that has the capability to form substances and chemical elements.

Components that form the atom

An atom is composed of an electron shell and a nucleus. Specifically:

- The electron shell is made up of electrons that carry a negative charge.

- The nucleus consists of protons and neutrons. The nucleus is in the center of the atom and carries a positive charge.

- The number of electrons in the electron shell = the number of protons in the nucleus = Z

Illustration of the components that form the atom

Thus, the particles that make up the electron shell of the atom are negatively charged electrons.

What are the particles that constitute the atomic shell? What is the structure of an atom?​ (Image from the Internet)

What does the specialized chemistry subject in grade 10 in Vietnam include?

Based on the Chemistry Curriculum issued with Circular 32/2018/TT-BGDDT:

Objectives

In addition to the core educational content, each academic year, students inclined towards natural sciences can choose to study certain specialized topics. The objectives of these specialized topics are:

- Expand and enhance knowledge to meet the deep differentiation requirements at the upper secondary school level.

- Strengthen practical skills, hands-on activities as a basis to help students better understand technical and technological processes related to chemistry.

- Help students gain a deeper understanding of the role of chemistry in real life, the professions related to chemistry to provide a foundation for career orientation in the future, and be equipped with the ability to solve chemistry-related issues and continue self-learning in chemistry throughout their lives.

Content of specialized study topics

Thus, specialized study topics in grade 10 chemistry include:

- Topic 10.1. Basics of Chemistry

- Topic 10.3. Practical: Chemistry and Information Technology

- Topic 10.2. Chemistry in Fire and Explosion Prevention

What does the chemistry teaching equipment set in Vietnam include?

According to the Chemistry Curriculum issued with Circular 32/2018/TT-BGDDT, the chemistry teaching equipment set includes:

Equipment for demonstration and proof

- Periodic table of chemical elements; solubility table of salts and hydroxides; electron configuration table of metals/ first series transition metal ions; color table of some compounds of transition metals.

- Illustrations of the geometry of some complex compounds, salts of Cu2+ in water solvents; structure of several biological complex compounds like heme B, chlorophyll, vitamin B12, and those used in medicine like cisplatin, carboplatin, etc.; 3R symbol; aluminum recycling; silicate industry; cement production, ceramics industry and handicrafts. Illustrations of the distillation, conversion, and application process of petroleum. Pictures about the application of alkane, alkene, alkadiene, arene in reality; application of halogen derivates; alcohol and phenol in reality; role of amino acids, glucose, and starch in life.

- Model/assembly kit of hollow and solid molecular structures of some alkanes; benzene, halogen derivatives, ethyl alcohol (ethanol), and phenol; amine, amino acids, peptides, and proteins.

- Electronic learning materials:

+ Software: calculation software; virtual experiment software.

+ Videos of some hazardous, dangerous and explosive experiments, complex experiments like experiments involving chlorine, bromine, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals interacting with water, etc.

Equipment for practical use

- Analytical and measurement tools: electrolysis kit for copper (II) sulfate solution and sodium chloride solution; conductivity testing tool; handheld pH meter, etc.

- Enough equipment, tools, and chemicals according to the minimum teaching equipment list as prescribed by the Ministry of Education and Training.