What are parallel circuit, series circuit? What are methods for developing and enhancing core competencies in grade 9 Natural Sciences subject in Vietnam?

What are parallel circuit, series circuit? What are characteristics of each type of circuit?

Theory of parallel circuits and series circuits:

Series Circuit:

- A series circuit is an electrical circuit consisting of devices connected consecutively with each other.

Parallel Circuit:

- A parallel circuit is an electrical circuit where devices are connected into separate branches.

Characteristics of the circuits are as follows:

- Current:

+ Current running through a circuit consisting of 2 resistors connected in series:

I = I₁ + I₂

+ Current running through a circuit consisting of n resistors connected in series:

I = I₁ + I₂ + … + I_n

- Equivalent Resistance:

+ Equivalent resistance of a circuit consisting of two resistors R₁, R₂ connected in series:

+ Equivalent resistance of a circuit consisting of n resistors R₁, R₂, … R_n connected in series:

- Voltage:

+ Voltage of a circuit consisting of two resistors connected in series:

U = U₁ = U₂

+ Voltage of a circuit consisting of n resistors connected in series:

U = U₁ = U₂ = … = U_n

Characteristics of series circuit:

- Current:

+ Current running through a circuit consisting of two resistors connected in series:

I = I₁ = I₂

+ Current running through a circuit consisting of n resistors connected in series:

I = I₁ = I₂ = … = I_n

- Equivalent Resistance:

+ Equivalent resistance of a circuit consisting of two resistors R₁, R₂ connected in series:

R_eq = R₁ + R₂

+ Equivalent resistance of a circuit consisting of n resistors R₁, R₂, … R_n connected in series:

R_eq = R₁ + R₂ + … + R_n

- Voltage:

+ Voltage of a circuit consisting of two resistors connected in series:

U = U₁ + U₂

+ Voltage of a circuit consisting of n resistors connected in series:

U = U₁ + U₂ + … + U_n

_{Note: The above theory about parallel circuits and series circuits is for reference only. Students should combine classroom lectures and reading textbooks of natural science grade 9 to accurately grasp the knowledge.}

What are parallel circuit, series circuit? What are methods for developing and enhancing core competencies in grade 9 Natural Sciences subject in Vietnam?​ (Image from the Internet)

What are methods for developing and enhancing core competencies in grade 9 Natural Sciences subject in Vietnam?

Based on subsection 2.2. Section V of the General Education Program for the subject of Natural Science, issued with Circular 32/2018/TT-BGDDT, the method for developing and enhancing core competencies in grade 9 Natural Sciences subject in Vietnam includes:

- Self-control and Self-study Competence

Through the method of organizing teaching activities, Natural Science subjects train students in self-study and self-exploration methods to acquire scientific knowledge. Self-control and self-study competence are formed and developed through practical activities, project execution, designing experimental activities in the laboratory, in the field, especially in self-exploration of nature.

- Communication and Cooperation Competence

Communication and cooperation competence are formed and developed through activities such as observation, building scientific hypotheses, planning and implementing hypothesis verification, collecting and processing data, aggregating results, and presenting research findings, etc. These are skills frequently exercised in teaching topics of the subject.

Natural Science contributes to forming and developing cooperation competence when students frequently engage in study projects, practical exercises, internships in groups, experiential activities. During these activities, students need to work in groups, where each member performs different parts of the same task, students exchange, present, and share ideas, study content.

- Problem Solving and Creativity

Problem-solving and creativity are specific activities in the process of exploring and discovering the natural world. Problem-solving and creativity competence are formed and developed by organizing students to propose problems, raise hypotheses, plan, and execute plans to explore the diverse phenomena of the natural world, close to daily life.

What is educational equipment for practical sessions in grade 9 Natural Science in Vietnam?

According to subsection b.3. Section VIII, the General Education Program for the subject of Natural Science, issued with Circular 32/2018/TT-BGDDT, educational equipment for practical sessions in grade 9 Natural Science includes:

- Tools for measuring length, area, volume, mass, temperature, time; measuring car integrated with position sensor, force sensor for motion and friction survey; force gauge, ruler, permanent magnet, spring scale; signal generator, tuning fork, oscilloscope;

- Tools to create and display light beams, create light and dark regions, mix light colors; flat mirrors, prism; tools to create magnetic field patterns, student compass; permanent magnet, electromagnet;

- Equipment for surveying the specific mass of an object and pressure applied on a surface; simple tools to create levers; tools to create and redistribute electric charge (van de Graaff generator, soft silk, plastic comb...); tool kits for measuring electrical energy (joulemeter);

- Kits for surveying the reflection of light; kits for surveying the refraction of light; digital scales; handheld pH meters; glassware such as test tubes, flasks, bottles, beakers, funnels, basins, pipettes...; chemicals: minimum necessary chemicals for demonstration and practice experiments.

- Specimens of fertilizers; models, molecular assembly kits in hollow and solid forms of alkane, ethyl alcohol, acetic acid.

- Microscope slides and kits for preparing dry press specimens of plants, immersion specimens of animals; kits for investigating organisms in nature.

- Tools for practical training in splint handling for broken bones, blood pressure monitors, tools for dressing wounds when bleeding.