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Sample Research Report on a matter: Tang Poetry

Tang Poetry is a poetic form originating from China, which developed strongly in its homeland and had a significant influence on neighboring regions, including Vietnam. Tang poetry has a complex system of rules illustrated in five aspects: Law, Rhyme, Rhythm, Parallelism, and Structure. In terms of form, Tang poetry has many types; however, the seven-syllable eight-line poetry is considered a standard form, a typical form of medieval poetry.

Seven-syllable eight-line poetry consists of eight lines, each with seven characters. The poetic style "Tang" derives its laws from the Tang era (618-907) in China. Thus, a complete poem in this form comprises 56 characters.. It has rhyming (with one rhyme) at the end of lines 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, with rhymes matching each other in tone. An example is "Qua đèo Ngang" by Ba Huyen Thanh Quan, where this rule is particularly clear:

Bước tới đèo Ngang bóng xế tà

Cỏ cây chen lá, đá chen hoa

Lom khom dưới núi, tiều vài chú

Lác đác bên sông, chợ mấy nhà

Nhớ nước đau lòng con quốc quốc

Thương nhà mỏi miệng cái gia gia

Dừng chân đứng lại, trời non nước

Một mảnh tình riêng, ta với ta.

The rhyming words are: tà, hoa, nhà, gia, ta. This contributes to creating a rhythmical and less rigid poem in a highly structured poetic format. There is a parallelism between lines 3 and 4 and lines 5 and 6 (the four middle lines), reflecting a contrast and equivalence in word usage, as clearly seen in "Qua đèo Ngang":

Lom khom dưới núi, tiều vài chú

Lác đác bên sông, chợ mấy nhà

Nhớ nước đau lòng con quốc quốc

Thương nhà mỏi miệng cái gia gia

"Lom khom" contrasts with "lac dac," "duoi nui" with "ben song," "nho nuoc" with "thuong nha".... The parallels are precise and clear, in both letters and sounds. Or in the poem "Thuong vo" by Tu Xuong:

Lặn lội thân cò khi quãng vắng

Eo sèo mặt nước buổi đò đông

Một duyên hai nợ âu đành phận

Năm nắng mười mưa dám quản công.

The parallelism between lines is balanced and very precise, such as "Lan loi" with "eo seo," "quang vang" with "buoi do dong".... In Tang poetry, if line 3 does not parallel line 4, and line 5 does not parallel line 6, it is called "danger of losing parallelism."

Besides, this poetry form also has clear rules on tones, notably the principle of "niêm." Lines that share "niêm" have the same law. Two verses sharing "niêm" have the second character adhere to the same law, either tone or non-tone, resulting in tone matching tone, non-tone with non-tone. Typically, a seven-syllable eight-line poem follows: line 1 with line 8; line 2 with line 3; line 4 with line 5; line 6 with line 7. Rhymes are words with similar or nearly similar pronunciations, used to create rhythm in poetry. In a standard Tang poem, rhymes appear at the end of lines 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8. These lines are called "rhyme with each other." Words with completely identical rhymes are "full rhymes," while words with nearly identical rhymes are "partial rhymes." Most Tang poems use level-tone rhymes, but there are exceptions. In terms of structure, a seven-syllable eight-line poem consists of 4 parts: Introduction, Elaboration, Argument, and Conclusion. The first two lines introduce the subject of the poem. The Elaboration lines are descriptive, requiring parallelism in tone and meaning. Next are the Argument lines, which require similar conditions as the Elaboration lines. Finally, the Conclusion lines summarize the subject, without needing parallelism. During the feudal period, this form of poetry was used for recruiting talented individuals for the nation. Originating from China, this poetry style was adopted and widely used in Vietnam, with many famous poems belonging to this genre.

Especially with the emergence of New Poetry, through creativity, authors reduced the rigidity and strictness of the tone-rhyme laws, allowing romantic souls to soar in each verse.