What are characteristics and river regime of the Hong River system in Vietnam? How long does it take for students in Vietnam to receive a lower secondary school diploma?

What are characteristics and river regime of the Hong River system in Vietnam?

The Hong River system is one of the largest and most important river systems in Vietnam, playing a significant economic, cultural, and environmental role, particularly for the northern provinces.

1. Characteristics of the river network:

The Hong River system includes the main river, the Red River, and its tributaries and branches:

- Main river (Red River):

+ Approximately 1,149 km long, with about 510 km flowing through Vietnam.

+ Originating from the Nguy Son Mountains (China) and flowing through the provinces of Lao Cai, Yen Bai, Phu Tho, Hanoi, Hung Yen, Hai Duong, and Nam Dinh before discharging into the East Sea.

+ The basin has an area of about 86,680 km², with approximately 50% of it within Vietnam's territory.

- River network:

+ Main tributaries: The Da River, Lo River, and Thao River (collectively known as the “river triangle”), play a significant role in supplying water to the system.

+ Branches: There are many small rivers and canals distributed evenly, creating a dense river network, such as the Duong River, Luoc River, Nhue River, and Dao River.

+ The Hong River system has a high river density, averaging 0.2–0.5 km/km², especially in the Red River Delta.

- Topographical characteristics of the basin:

+ The upstream is steep with fast-flowing and silt-rich water.

+ The downstream is flat, expansive, and has a developed dyke system to control floods.

2. Characteristics of water policies:

The water regime of the Hong River system is greatly influenced by Vietnam's tropical monsoon climate:

- Flow regime:

+ Flood season: From June to October, accounting for about 70–80% of the total annual flow. Water levels rise due to heavy rains in the upstream and the entire basin. This is a season with high flood risk, especially in the downstream region.

+ Dry season: From November to May of the following year, water levels significantly decrease, possibly causing local droughts in certain areas.

- Water volume:

+ Average annual flow volume is about 120–130 billion m³, with the rainy season accounting for most.

+ The highest recorded flow in Hanoi during the flood season can reach 30,000 m³/s.

- Sediment:

+ The Hong River system carries a large amount of sediment, averaging about 100 million tons annually, playing an important role in depositing and expanding the Red River Delta.

+ However, due to the construction of many hydropower dams on the main branches (such as the Da River), sediment levels are decreasing, affecting the downstream region's development.

- Climate impacts:

+ The Red River's water regime is very sensitive to climate change, especially extreme rainfall and drought phenomena.

+ Sea level changes also pose a risk of flooding in the downstream, causing serious issues for production and daily life.

3. Issues and challenges:

- Flood risk: During the rainy season, the Hong River system frequently faces flood risks due to heavy rains and water from the upstream.

- Water scarcity in the dry season: The dry season often lacks water, causing difficulties for agricultural production and daily life.

- Water pollution: The water environment in the Hong River system is under pressure from industrial, agricultural, and domestic waste.

- Sediment reduction: Hydropower dams on the main river branches have significantly reduced sediment flow to the downstream.

4. Economic and social roles:

- Agriculture: The Red River provides irrigation for one of Vietnam's largest rice bowls – the Red River Delta.

- Transportation: It serves as an important waterway connecting various regions.

- Hydropower: Major hydropower plants like Hoa Binh, Son La on the Da River contribute important energy supplies for the country.

- Urban development: The Hong River system facilitates economic and urban development in the northern provinces, especially Hanoi.

5. Conclusion:

The Hong River system has a dense river network and complex water policies, playing an important role in the economic and social development of northern Vietnam. However, managing and protecting the water resources is a significant challenge, requiring coordination between functional agencies and the community.

Note: The content is for reference purposes only.

What are characteristics and river regime of the Hong River system in Vietnam? How long does it take for students in Vietnam to receive a lower secondary school diploma?​ (Image from the Internet)

How long does it take for students in Vietnam to receive a lower secondary school diploma?​

Based on Clause 1, Article 17 of the Regulation issued together with Circular 21/2019/TT-BGDDT regulating the issuance period of diplomas and certificates:

Issuance period of diplomas, certificates

1. The authorized person specified in Clause 1, Article 15 of this Regulation is responsible for issuing diplomas to learners within the following period:

a) 75 days from the date of the decision to recognize graduation from lower secondary school, upper secondary school;

b) 30 days from the date of the decision to recognize graduation from intermediate education, college education;

c) 30 days from the date of the decision to recognize graduation and issue a master's degree;

d) 30 days from the date of the decision to recognize a doctoral degree and issue a doctoral certificate.

...

Therefore, students will receive their lower secondary school diplomas 75 days from the date of the decision to recognize their graduation.

What rights do students receiving lower secondary school diplomas have?

Based on Clause 1, Article 4 of the Regulation issued together with Circular 21/2019/TT-BGDDT regulating the rights of students receiving lower secondary school diplomas:

- Request the competent authority to issue diplomas and certificates on time; accurately and fully record information on diplomas and certificates; reissue diplomas and certificates or amend the content on diplomas and certificates in accordance with the Regulation issued together with Circular 21/2019/TT-BGDDT;

- Request the competent authority to issue a copy of the diploma, certificate from the original register upon request.